National Science Foundation Pre-doctoral Fellowship Essay -- Medical E

National Science Foundation Pre-doctoral Fellowship Biotin is an substantial vitamin for humans it must be included in infant formulas and in fluids for intravenous nutrition. Even though it is a necessary component of our diet, we do not yet know the utensil by which biotin, also known as vitamin H, is synthesized in the body from dethiobiotin. The enzyme that accomplishes this conversion has been termed biotin synthase. This enzyme catalyzes the insertion of sulfur at nonactivated positions of dethiobiotin, in the midst of carbons C1 and C4, to generate biotin. This mechanism is of touch because it appears to involve uncommon chemistry and because of the commercial value of the product. Biotin is sold as a pharmaceutical and as a food and cosmetic additive. This water soluble vitamin is essential for the growth and well-being of animals and humans, and it is used in the formation of fats the utilization of carbon dioxide.Prof. Richard H. Holms bioinorganic chemistry class spark ed my interest in the understanding of enzyme mechanisms as model systems for the design of more selective drugs and better synthetic catalysts that allow us to run reactions with good yield, little waste, and inexpensively. Having worked for devil years with Prof. JoAnne Stubbe on the mechanism of nucleotide reduction in E. coli by ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase, I have come to appreciate the positive effects of an understanding of this mechanism in the synthesis of more efficient drugs for the treatment of cancer and viral diseases. Increased knowledge of the biotin biosynthase mechanism should allow us to produce biotin more efficiently, and the knowledge gained from this mechanism could be applied to similar enzymes. Despite recent advan... ...should aid me in designing more successful experiments.Works Cited1. Sanyal, I., G. Cohen, and D.H. Flint. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 3625-3631.2. Birch, O.M., M. Fuhrmann, and N.M. Shaw. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 19158-19165.3. Sany al, I., K.J. Gibson, and D.H. Flint. (1996) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 326, 48-56.4. Mjean, A., B. Tse Sum Bui, D. Florentin, O. Ploux, Y. Izumi, and A. Marquet. (1995) Eur. J. Biochem. 217, 1231-1237.5. Frappier, F., M. Jouany, A. Marquet, A. Olesker, and J.C. Tabet. (1982) J. Org. Chem. 1982, 2257-2261.6. Parry, R.J. (1983) Tetrahedron 39, 1215-1238.7. Parry, R.J. and M.G. Kunitani. (1979) Methods Enzymol. 62, 353-370.8. Trainor, D.A., R.J. Parry, and A. Gitterman. (1980) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102, 1467-1468.9. Baldet, P., H. Gerbling, S. Axiotis, and R. Douce. (1993) Eur. J. Biochem. 217, 479-485.

Violations of the True Woman in The Coquette Essay -- The Coquette Ess

Violations of the avowedly Woman in The Coquette In her article, The Cult of True Womanhood 1820-1860, Barbara Welter discusses the nineteenth-century ideal of the perfect woman. She asserts that the attributes of True Womanhood . . . could be divided into four cardinal virtues-piety, purity, submissiveness and domesticity. Furthermore, she adds that if anyone, male or female, dared to tamper with the complex virtues which make up True Womanhood, he was damned immediately as an enemy of God, of civilization and of the Republic (Welter 152). In Hannah W. Fosters The Coquette, the characters Major Sanford and Eliza Wharton violate True Womanhood decry them both to wretched fates. Major Sanford continually violates the True Womanhood with his systematic seduction of women. Due to his assaults against female purity, Major Sanford is rejected by society for organism devoid of virtue. Well aware of this reputation, Mrs. Richman warns Eliza that he is a professed libertine and is not to be admitted into virtuous society (Foster 20). Upon her acquaintance with him, her friend Lucy Freeman declares, I boldness upon the vicious habits, and abandoned character of Major Sanford, to have more pernicious effects on society, than the perpetrations of the robber and the assassin (Foster 63). Major Sanfords licentious past dooms him to a future of lechery there is no possibility for him to evade his reputation. Elizas assaults against True Womanhood are violations of the virtues submissiveness and purity. When Eliza refuses to ignore the gallantry of Major Sanford in favor of the proposals of Reverend Boyer contempt the warnings of her friends and mother, she disregards submissiveness in favor of her own fanc... ...ind of happiness (Foster 166). In the end, both are severely punished for their debasement of the True Woman. One might question if Eliza sincerely had any choice in her situation. Early in the novel she declares, What a pity . . . that the graces and vir tues are not oftner united (Foster 22). While Sanford possessed all the suavity she desired and Reverend Boyer all the integrity, she could find no companion who possessed both. This lack of options seems to be what truly destroys Eliza. It may have been within Elizas power to be a True Woman, but due to the societal constraints imposed upon her, it does not seem at all possible for her to have been a happy woman. works Cited Foster, Hannah W. The Coquette. New York Oxford UP, 1986. Welter, Barbara. The Cult of True Womanhood 1820-1860. American Quarterly. Vol. 18 (1966). 151-74.

Asian Americans in the Classroom Essay -- Asia Education Stereotypes P

Asian Americans in the ClassroomAsians are one of fastest growing nonage groups in America today. During this century, various factors at home and abroad have caused people from Asia to immigrate to the United States for better or for worse. Due to these factors, Americans and American teachers, in particular, need to educate themselves and become aware of the Asian American students needs in terms of success and happiness. Before beginning my research, I felt I had an easy subject studying Asian Americans in relation to their education in public schools. How simple Everyone knows they are smart, hard working, driven to succeed in spite of their nerdish, geeky, non-athletic, broken-English stereotype. Of course they are successful and happy Why wouldnt they be? In this research paper, I hope to enlightened those who thought the I did. Like any other minority group, the Asian American has been stereotyped, discriminated, commercialised, propagandised, and packaged in a box wi th a pretty ribbon around it strength the tag Model Minority. Closely related to this concept is the Panethnic Identity. These two issues were indeed the strongest images of the Asian Americans today. How we came about it and how it is affecting students will be discussed in detail. A word of caution It is neither simple nor pretty, as many of the reasons both a result of the Asian and American cultures. First some technicalities almost of my research focused on the Japanese Americans and Japanese culture. There will be examples that are specific to this particular ethnic group and race. However, due to the wishing of articles specifically on Japanese American students and the tendency to study Asian Americans as a group, I ... .... Japanese Americans The Evolution of a Subculture, Prentice-Hall, 1969. 9. Lee, Robert G. Orientals Asian Americans in Popular Culture, Temple University Press, 1999. 10. Okimoto, Daniel I. American In Disguise, John Weatherhill Inc, 1971 . 11. Nakano, Mei T. Japanese American Women Three Generations 1890-1990, Mina Press, 1990. 12. Spickard, Paul R. Japanese Americans The Formation and Transformations of an Ethnic Group, Twayne, 1996. 13. sound Jr., Edward K. Vocational Aptitudes of Second Generation Japanese in the United States, Stanford University Press, 1933. 14. Yanagisaka, Sylvia Junko Transforming the Past Tradition and Kinship Among Japanese Americans, Stanford University Press, 1985.15. Egami, Hatsuye The Evacuation Diary of Hatsuye Egami, Intentional Productions, 1995. 16. Lee, Gus China Boy, Plume, 1994.

The Psychodynamic Model of Abnormality Essay -- Papers Psychology

The Psychodynamic Model of Abnormality The psychodynamic model of abnormality is useful to an extent. However it has many weaknesses. The psychodynamic model of abnormality was initiated by Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freud was very fire in hysteria. This is the manifestation of physical causes. He became convinced that unconscious mind mental causes were responsible not just abnormality but also normality. Freud developed analytic thinking. This is a set of techniques for treating the unconscious causes of mental disorders and built up a psychoanalytic theory of how human personality and abnormality develop from childhood. His psychoanalytic approach had a great impact on psychology and psychiatry and was developed by other psychodynamic theorists. Psychoanalysis had a very fixed set of assumptions. One of these is the unconscious processes where many important influences on behaviou r come from a part of the mind we have no awareness of called the unconscious. Another assumption is psychodynamic conflict. Different part of the mind are in constant struggle with each other and the consequences of this are important in understanding behaviour. Freud also believed that behaviour is motivated by sexual and aggressive drives. The drives create psychic energy that builds up and create tension and anxiety if it cannot be released. Another assumption is development where personality is shape by relationships, experiences and conflict, particularly during childhood. Freuds psychoanalysis is probably the most important psychodynamic theory. His ideas developed a... ...century. It has had a significant effect on a wide blow of disciplines such as anthropology, womens studies and theology. Also, the sharp distinction between abnormality and normality of the biological model is ignored. Doing this, it has created more sympathy for people with psychological disorders. Psychoanalysis is more humane with its focus on talking as opposed to drugs, shock therapy or brain surgery. It also has the power to enhance our understanding of ourselves and from the come in of people who testify how it has helped them in their own lives. In conclusion, the psychodynamic model is useful as it is still being used today by professional psychiatrists and whole works with many people. However, there are a lot of weaknesses to outweigh the positives, which means that the model can be seriously questioned.

Essay on Toni Morrisons Beloved - Symbol and Symbolism in Beloved

Symbolism in Beloved In the novel Beloved, the author, Toni Morrison, attempts to promote a variety of different themes and ideas by symbolize them in minor events and situations. This symbolism is evident throughout the entire novel and is very crucial to the understanding and analyzing of the text. A good example of this is the water frosting skate scene. Morrison uses this scene to represent the slow, but consistent, deterioration of the family living in 124 and to foreshadow the ultimate demise of the family unit. Morrison writes repeatedly, Nobody saw them falling, yet in all frankness they were falling, and falling fast (Morrison 174). There are a number of details, including the setting, Sethes emotions, the choice of shoes/ice skates worn by each(prenominal) of the three female characters, and the ultimate goal of exceeding heaven, which demonstrate this idea. The ice skating scene takes place on a frozen stream, not too far from 124. The ice is apparently solid, the refore providing a somewhat firm surface on which to skate. Unfortunately, the ice is slippery. This is symbolic of the three females in the story. They all have a loaded base, a sincere love for each other, yet no matter how hard they attempt to stay upright and proud, they always end up slip and falling on the ice. The frozen stream represents the future of the family. The ice will slowly, but consistently, melt as the weather gets warmer, as time passes by. As the ice melts, so does the firm base that supports the skaters and the family members will have no where to stand. As the story unfolds, it becomes increasingly evident that Sethe is emotionally unstable. Beginning with her life at angelic Home, dealing with the everyday trials of sla... ... of loneliness and solitude. By isolating Beloved and herself from the rest of the world, Sethe attempted to hide from the ugliness that existed outside of 124. They were lulled into a false confidence because they had each other, n eglecting even the bare necessities of life (Finkbeiner 1999). Sethe and Beloved each had a pair of footwear, with Beloved having two skates and Sethe having two shoes. Denvers condition was a to a greater extent difficult one. She was forced to skate on a single skate, which was very unstable. In order to stay upright she was forced to seek help from the community, reach out to the people outside of 124. Through this act she was able to bring healing to the family. By reaching out to the community, she was able to combat the horrors of loneliness and racism. kit and boodle CitedMorrison, Toni. Beloved. New York, Penguin Books USA Inc, 1988.

Cree Indians :: essays papers

Cree IndiansThis is an introduction to the Cree Indians way of life explaining about the foods they ate, significance of story telling, myths, religious beliefs, rituals performed, and their present day way of life. It is al approximately undoable to touch on every aspect beca intention of what is not printed and only known by elders.Some native words used by Cree Indians Kiwetin meaning the nitrogen wind that brings tough luck (Gill, Sullivan 158). Another word is maskwa used for bear, the most intelligent and spiritually powerful land animal (Gill, Sullivan 182). A water lynx that holds subdue over lakes and rivers is called Michi-Pichoux they argon associated with unexplained deaths (Gill, Sullivan 189). Tipiskawipisim is used for the moon who is the sister of the sun. Once a flood destroys the first humans, Tipiskawipisim creates the first female (Gill, Sullivan 303). The history of the Cree Indians begins where they live for the most part in Canada, and some share reservatio ns with other tribes in North Dakota. The Cree Indians, an Alogonquian tribe sometimes called Knisteneau, were essentially forest people, though an offshoot, the so-called Plains Cree, were buffalo hunters. The Crees first contact with white people was in 1640, the French Jesuits. The Cree Indians later lost many of their tribe in the 1776 break out of small pox, battles with the Sioux, and a defeat to the Blackfeet in 1870. The Cree lived by hunting, fishing, trapping, and using muskrat as one of their staples. They made sacrifices to the sun the Great Master of Life (Erdoes, Ortiz 504).The Cree lived in the Northern Plains, which was alike home to the Sarsi, Blackfoot, Plains Ojibway, and Assiniboin. some of the tribes were equestrian bands moving to pursue the buffalo. The buffalo was their resource for food, material for dwellings, clothing, cooking vessels, rawhide cases, and bone and horn implements. The introduction of the horse by the Spanish led to the plains Indians to change by reversal more able and skillful hunters. Each tribe had different methods of hunting, preservation, and preparation of meat (Cox, Jacobs 98). One method of the nomadic plains tribes for cooking was to use rawhide cooking vessels which came from the love of the buffalo, staked over a mound of earth and left to dry in the shape of a bowl. The pot was put in a shallow sea dog near the fire, and then carefully selected stones that would not shatter easily would be put in the fire and transferred to the bowl with wood or bone tongs to heat the contents of the pot.Cree Indians essays papersCree IndiansThis is an introduction to the Cree Indians way of life explaining about the foods they ate, significance of story telling, myths, religious beliefs, rituals performed, and their present day way of life. It is almost impossible to touch on every aspect because of what is not printed and only known by elders.Some native words used by Cree Indians Kiwetin meaning the north wind that brings misfortune (Gill, Sullivan 158). Another word is maskwa used for bear, the most intelligent and spiritually powerful land animal (Gill, Sullivan 182). A water lynx that holds control over lakes and rivers is called Michi-Pichoux they are associated with unexplained deaths (Gill, Sullivan 189). Tipiskawipisim is used for the moon who is the sister of the sun. Once a flood destroys the first humans, Tipiskawipisim creates the first female (Gill, Sullivan 303). The history of the Cree Indians begins where they live for the most part in Canada, and some share reservations with other tribes in North Dakota. The Cree Indians, an Alogonquian tribe sometimes called Knisteneau, were essentially forest people, though an offshoot, the so-called Plains Cree, were buffalo hunters. The Crees first encounter with white people was in 1640, the French Jesuits. The Cree Indians later lost many of their tribe in the 1776 break out of small pox, battles with the Sioux, and a defeat to the Blackfeet in 1870. The Cree lived by hunting, fishing, trapping, and using muskrat as one of their staples. They made sacrifices to the sun the Great Master of Life (Erdoes, Ortiz 504).The Cree lived in the Northern Plains, which was also home to the Sarsi, Blackfoot, Plains Ojibway, and Assiniboin. Many of the tribes were equestrian bands moving to pursue the buffalo. The buffalo was their resource for food, material for dwellings, clothing, cooking vessels, rawhide cases, and bone and horn implements. The introduction of the horse by the Spanish led to the plains Indians to become more able and skillful hunters. Each tribe had different methods of hunting, preservation, and preparation of meat (Cox, Jacobs 98). One method of the nomadic plains tribes for cooking was to use rawhide cooking vessels which came from the hump of the buffalo, staked over a mound of earth and left to dry in the shape of a bowl. The pot was put in a shallow hole near the fire, and then carefully selected stones that would not shatter easily would be put in the fire and transferred to the bowl with wood or bone tongs to heat the contents of the pot.

Cree Indians :: essays papers

Cree IndiansThis is an introduction to the Cree Indians way of life explaining about the foods they ate, significance of story telling, myths, religious beliefs, rituals performed, and their present day way of life. It is al near out of the question to touch on every aspect beca employment of what is not printed and only known by elders.Some native words used by Cree Indians Kiwetin meaning the northerly wind that brings incident (Gill, Sullivan 158). Another word is maskwa used for bear, the most intelligent and spiritually powerful land animal (Gill, Sullivan 182). A water lynx that holds maintain over lakes and rivers is called Michi-Pichoux they are associated with unexplained deaths (Gill, Sullivan 189). Tipiskawipisim is used for the moon who is the sister of the sun. Once a flood destroys the first humans, Tipiskawipisim creates the first female (Gill, Sullivan 303). The history of the Cree Indians begins where they live for the most part in Canada, and some share reserva tions with other tribes in North Dakota. The Cree Indians, an Alogonquian tribe sometimes called Knisteneau, were essentially forest people, though an offshoot, the so-called Plains Cree, were buffalo hunters. The Crees first acquire with white people was in 1640, the French Jesuits. The Cree Indians later lost many of their tribe in the 1776 break out of small pox, battles with the Sioux, and a defeat to the Blackfeet in 1870. The Cree lived by hunting, fishing, trapping, and using muskrat as one of their staples. They made sacrifices to the sun the Great Master of Life (Erdoes, Ortiz 504).The Cree lived in the Northern Plains, which was overly home to the Sarsi, Blackfoot, Plains Ojibway, and Assiniboin. legion(predicate) of the tribes were equestrian bands moving to pursue the buffalo. The buffalo was their resource for food, material for dwellings, clothing, cooking vessels, rawhide cases, and bone and horn implements. The introduction of the horse by the Spanish led to the p lains Indians to stimulate more able and skillful hunters. Each tribe had different methods of hunting, preservation, and preparation of meat (Cox, Jacobs 98). One method of the nomadic plains tribes for cooking was to use rawhide cooking vessels which came from the hump of the buffalo, staked over a mound of earth and left to dry in the shape of a bowl. The pot was put in a shallow mussiness near the fire, and then carefully selected stones that would not shatter easily would be put in the fire and transferred to the bowl with wood or bone pair of tongs to heat the contents of the pot.Cree Indians essays papersCree IndiansThis is an introduction to the Cree Indians way of life explaining about the foods they ate, significance of story telling, myths, religious beliefs, rituals performed, and their present day way of life. It is almost impossible to touch on every aspect because of what is not printed and only known by elders.Some native words used by Cree Indians Kiwetin mea ning the north wind that brings misfortune (Gill, Sullivan 158). Another word is maskwa used for bear, the most intelligent and spiritually powerful land animal (Gill, Sullivan 182). A water lynx that holds control over lakes and rivers is called Michi-Pichoux they are associated with unexplained deaths (Gill, Sullivan 189). Tipiskawipisim is used for the moon who is the sister of the sun. Once a flood destroys the first humans, Tipiskawipisim creates the first female (Gill, Sullivan 303). The history of the Cree Indians begins where they live for the most part in Canada, and some share reservations with other tribes in North Dakota. The Cree Indians, an Alogonquian tribe sometimes called Knisteneau, were essentially forest people, though an offshoot, the so-called Plains Cree, were buffalo hunters. The Crees first encounter with white people was in 1640, the French Jesuits. The Cree Indians later lost many of their tribe in the 1776 break out of small pox, battles with the Sioux, a nd a defeat to the Blackfeet in 1870. The Cree lived by hunting, fishing, trapping, and using muskrat as one of their staples. They made sacrifices to the sun the Great Master of Life (Erdoes, Ortiz 504).The Cree lived in the Northern Plains, which was also home to the Sarsi, Blackfoot, Plains Ojibway, and Assiniboin. Many of the tribes were equestrian bands moving to pursue the buffalo. The buffalo was their resource for food, material for dwellings, clothing, cooking vessels, rawhide cases, and bone and horn implements. The introduction of the horse by the Spanish led to the plains Indians to become more able and skillful hunters. Each tribe had different methods of hunting, preservation, and preparation of meat (Cox, Jacobs 98). One method of the nomadic plains tribes for cooking was to use rawhide cooking vessels which came from the hump of the buffalo, staked over a mound of earth and left to dry in the shape of a bowl. The pot was put in a shallow hole near the fire, and then carefully selected stones that would not shatter easily would be put in the fire and transferred to the bowl with wood or bone tongs to heat the contents of the pot.

Is Mathilde Loisel in The Necklace a Sympathetic Character

Mathilde Loisel is not a sympathetic character in The Necklace because of her materialistic and selfish motives. She is not just poor financially but also in character. She is always dissatisfied with her life. Nice clothes, expensive jewelry, a beautiful house, more furniture and rich friends are the only things she loves in her life. Moreover, she is not a sympathetic character because she disrespects her loving husband. In spite of having a kind, generous, loyal and hard working husband she never stops plain about him.Mr. Loisel works hard in the evening and sometimes at night as well in order make their life easier. Yet, Mathilde is egoistical and never realizes the problems her husband has to go through to ensure her happiness. Mr. Loisel expects his wife to be thrilled when he gives her invitation to the Ministrys party. Instead, she throws the invitation in his face for not having a satisfactory dress and jewelry for the function. He buys her a dress with the money he has s aved for a gun.Also after the party, he goes to look for the lost necklace at four in the morning and spends his ten years to pay the debt incurred by a lost necklace. He does everything possible to fulfill her demands and to make her happy. But she didnt feel his love and devotion for her. Also, in the other way she is too proud because she doesnt tell Madame Forestier about the lost necklace at first. Because of Mathildes covetousness and pride she and her husband have to spend a miserable life. Therefore, the reader should not feel any pity for her.

Coping with Life Challenges Essay

Toni Cade Bambara, born March 25, 1939 in New York City her mother was Helen Brent Henderson Cade. Bambara adopted that last name when she observed it on a sketchbook her great-grandmother had. Bambara spent the first ten years of her life in Harlem, New York. In 1973, she published and essay in Redbook explaining what she care about her mother. Bambara is an activist, novelist, writer, essayist, and a filmmaker. Bambara was influenced by her work as a social worker in the 1960s. Bambara knew how the black community had been neglected and abused in the American hunting lodge.Bambara became devoted to her community she wrote primarily for her black community and in black dialect. Toni Cade Bambara wrote several short stories, ane specifically was The Lesson, in this short story she speaks on how to overcome struggles and stereotyping in the black community. In The Lesson, Toni Cade Bambara, uses characterization, style of language and setting she also shows how she felt about how unfair the American society was through the eye of a black woman. First, Bambara uses characterization.In The Lesson Bambara developed a strong and positive character who could teach us about valuable lessons in life. This character was a strong black woman named Miss Moore, who taught all the children in her community how to overcome the struggles in their community. Miss Moore first took the children to a store on 5th Avenue, this store was the most expensive toy store the name of the store was F. A. O. Schwartz. The first life lesson was an expensive handcrafted sailboat, Hand-crafted sailboat of fiberglass at one thousand one hundred and ninety-five dollars. (Bambara) This lesson was to show the children the value of money, and how to value what they have and not what they want. In the second trial Bambara uses style of language, Miss Moore questioned the children on how they felt about the expensive sailboat. One of the characters in the story, Sylvia became upset with Miss Mo ore because out of all the children, she was the only one to get the point. Sylvia said, Im mad, that I wont give her that satisfaction. So I slouch around bein very bored and say, Lets go.(Bambara) Sylvia realized that Miss Moore wanted them to see what type of environment they lived in and wanted them to infer of ways to overcome those struggles in the future. Last, Bambara uses setting, Miss Moore, wanted the children to realize how unfair life was in the American society. Miss Moore wanted the children to see, that they had to overcome the stereotyping and become the opposite of what life was expected out of them. Miss Moore said, Imagine for a minute what kind of society it is in which some people can spend on a toy what it would cost to feed a family of six or seven.What do you think? (Bambara) Bambaras main character knew what life expected out of them and she wanted the children to overcome the struggles, simply by experiencing them. In conclusion, the author felt that l iving at heart your society, you have to overcome the stereotyping and become the opposite of what life is expected of you. Toni Cade Bambara wanted her characters in The Lesson, to overcome societys obstacles, cruelty, and devaluation and to discover their strengths, and to have pride inside them. Toni Cade Bambara is universal and lives on in todays society.

World Literature: Touch in Pedro Paramo and Dom Casmurro

In novels as sensual as Pedro Paramo and Dom Casmurro, it is not impress that the authors employ a variety of literary techniques and imagery. Amongst them, not as prominent as the sense of hearing entirely still salient, is the sense of tone. I will examine how narrators in Dom Casmurro and Pedro Paramo use the sense of vestige to reveal their inner motivations and feelings about a situation or character. Touch can symbolize relationships. When both characters touch shoulders in Pedro Paramo, for example, this seems to destine siblinghood.Juan and Abundio walk side by side, so close their shoulders are nearly touching (5). Juan and Abundio turn out to be half br another(prenominal)s. They lot a father and are nearly brothers, just as their shoulders nearly touch, but their different mothers create both a genetic and physical gaolbreak between them. Later in the story, Doniss sister goes to stand beside him, leaning against his shoulder (53). Their shoulders do not merely tou ch, which would confirm that they are siblings she leans against Donis, suggesting their relationship extends beyond a familial one.Although this has already been strongly implied, Doniss sister leans against Donis before asking Juan whether he truly understands the relationship between her and Donis. Rulfo has already revealed that they are incestuous, but the action coupled with her question shows that neither the lecturer nor Juan realizes fully the nature of this relationship. Like Rulfo, Machado de Assis uses one way of touching, in his case, men brushing against Capitus arms, in different situations. This results in different repercussions. Capitus shapely arms draw attention whenever she and Bento attend balls.However, during the first night they are merely admired and when other men touch her it seems incidental, innocuous however much they might touch other frock coats (183). Bento mentions this touch fleetingly. His focus is on Capitus arms, not anthropoid attention. On the second night, the men are crasser, going from admiring to staring, almost begging for them, and brushed their black sleeves against them (183). Bento lingers more on the males touching and less on Capitus arms, like he is more concerned about the attention his wife is garnering than the object of the attention.The details he notes overly speak of his uneasiness. Whereas during the first night, the men infract gentlemanly frock coats, the second night they are dressed in black, which can symbolize evilness. As a matter of fact, detail is used in both Dom Casmurro and Pedro Paramo by the narrators to reveal their feelings about other characters. When either narrator describes the touching at length, or notices even the smallest aspects of it, he shows how important this touch is to him. As young Pedro Paramo and Susana San Juan fly kites together, Pedro urges, Help me, Susana. And soft hold would tighten on his (12).The fact that Pedro notes Susanas hands are soft suggests tha t he harbours a relish for her, for to notice her soft hands, he would need to pay more attention to her hands than the string he is letting out or the kite he is f craft. This action is also indicative of their relationship. Susana is Pedros lifelong love, and though she enjoys his company and likes him, it is only as a friend. Thus, while she is simply happy to fly kites with him and tightens her hands around his only to help him let out more string, Pedro takes note of how she acts around him and treasures her harmless actions.They appear much more meaningful to him than to her. Machado de Assis uses details in very similar circumstances. As Bento combs Capitus hair, his fingers brush her neck, or her back with its cotton dress it is a delicious sensation (64). He does not simply decoct on the task at hand, he takes pleasure in accidental touches, no matter how minor, just like Pedro. While this can show the reader his sexual inexperience, as he has not seemed to have had a rom antic encounter previously and frankincense enjoys a seemingly chaste activity, it also shows his centre for Capitu.If Bento was combing the hair of another girl, he may not notice such minor details. The contact may also not feel as delicious. He also touches Capitu although it is not necessary to do so. Even if this is accidental, he does not make a move to shy away from it, suggesting that he wants to touch Capitu and likes her in a more-than-platonic fashion. The fact that he brushes her hair is also significant. Hair is considered a symbol of femininity, especially long hair. Combing her hair could put Bento in a position of power.In fact, in the chapter after he combs her hair, Bento utters these proud language I am a man (67). Hair is important when looking at their history, as well. When Bento thinks about his and Capitus past, he remembers how she ran her hand through with(predicate) his hair, saying she thought it was very beautiful (24). However, he never reciprocated . By touching him so, and through other gestures such as counting his fingers, Capitu demonstrates her affection for him and shows that she is aware of her fondness.Bento remains unmindful(predicate), though, as shown by his lack of response. later he realizes that he too feels cordially about Capitu, he asks to brush her hair, proving both to himself and Capitu that he is finally aware of his feelings. In Dom Casmurro, touch can reveal character traits. Ezequiel is shown to be a sore and affectionate boy Ezequiel hugged Bentos knees, stood up on the tips of his toes, as if to climb up and give Bento his usual kiss (229). He is comfortable with touching his father, and does so regularly to illustrate his love.This can be contrasted with Jose Dias who, even when everyone else is hugging and kissing Bento farewell, remains composed and grave (98) and does not touch Bento at all. Jose Dias is not cold, but occasionally his respect and charm seem debatably genuine. Moments such as when he does not hug Bento farewell add on to this idea. In Pedro Paramo, Juan Preciado does not touch the residents of Comala when he arrives. He cannot they are ghosts while he is still alive. Doniss sister touching his shoulder is the first time touch occurs in Juans Comala. She is also the first living person he encounters.Although there is some disagreement over whether Juan actually died when his soul turned to ice (59), the fact that Dorotea is dead and lying in his arms, touching him, suggests that if he can touch the dead, then he is dead also. Moments of change are expressed through touch as well. After Bento sees that Capitu carved Bento and Capitolina into the wall, their hands took hold of each other, clasping each other, melting into one another (28). Whereas previously mutual touching was done in childish jest, and Bento was oblivious to Capitus attraction to him, now they touch each other with the ntention of holding hands like lovers. Melting into one another (28) can also show how they are thinking as one they both feel the same way toward each other. When Donis leaves, Juan wakes up beside Doniss sister. The majority of the tactile imagery thus far has been brief and subtle, but here Juan can feel the womans naked legs against his knee, and her breath upon his face (55). After being unable to touch the ghosts, Juan is all of a sudden pressed against a woman, a gesture that stands out from previous paragraphs due to its straight-forwardness.For Juan, it appears that the physical contact is like having to take commission of the woman neither pleasant nor unpleasant, simply thrust-upon and un fronted. Unlike in Dom Casmurro, even feelings about environment can be revealed through touch in Pedro Paramo. As Juan approaches Comala, he observes that he and Abundio have left the hot wind behind and are sinking into pure, airless heat. The stillness seems to be waiting for something (5). While this airless heat adds on to the atmosphere, it also s hows Juans state of mind.The surroundings in this scene mirror Juans mood, showing that he is waiting for something too. He may not expect to find his father, but he is coming with Comala with expectations, and the closer he gets to the town, the closer he is to finding out the truth. The sense of touch is an important tool in both Pedro Paramo and Dom Casmurro. It can reveal aspects of character personality, relationships and inner thoughts and motivations. This symbolism, coupled with the other literary techniques Machado de Assis and Rulfo employ, helps create the vivid alternate reality of the novels. Word count 1470 words

Segmentation of Budweiser

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of Study The use, acceptance, acceptance and application of internet engineering science to furrowes to boast their performances argon not something new. Saffu et al. , (2008), states that there has been a significant increase in the use and application of e-commerce in businesses in the past decade. E-commerce has benefits such(prenominal) as reduction in costs, increased business opportunities, reduced lead time and providing more personalized service to the customers (Turban et al. , 2008). net income banking or e-banking is one of the many tools of e-commerce adopted by the banking pains. Tools of schooling technology such as internet banking have significantly improved the quality of services offered by the banking industry and/or financial institutions (Dawes and Rowley, 1998). Currently, there be thousands and thousands of e-banking nett sites all over the cosmos. Botswana is a growing rustic, located in the southern part of Af rica. She has a population of just about 2 million.Being a create country, internet technology has not been quite a thing for the citizens. Majority of people who get to use the internet are those in tertiary schools, form places and government departments, since they can get to use internet there. In October 30th 2008, Botswana completed the multi-million pula Trans-Kalahari fibre-optic project, covering approximately 2000 kilometres. The project is expected to act as a catalyst to the growing ICT industry in the country. (Botswana Guardian. 2008) This study focused on the information technology (IT) bankers acceptance in a ontogeny country Botswana, where internet technology let alone internet banking is still at its infancy portray, provided could offer potential benefits and usefulness to the entire population and to the banking industry in the not so distant future. The Botswana government together with that of Namibia recently contributed US$37. 5 million each to secure the West African parentage System (WACS) landing point.The 14 000 kilometre cable will bring direct and fast connectivity between Namibia, Botswana, West Africa, the United Kingdom and the rest of the world with a design capacity of 5. 12 terabit. These developments are expected to mark the beginning of cheaper bandwidth in the country. Both countries, Namibia and Botswana are at the dawn of an infrastructure transition on the ICT landscape where broadband communication services will be further enhanced to benefit businesses, ndustry, internet community, academia and the entire population. (Telecom Namibia, 16 February 2011) For the business industries in Botswana to stay competitive, they would have to machine e-commerce to enable them to be more competitive and efficient. This without any doubt includes the banking industry, which by no means have to implement and manage effectively the internet banking services. The importance of e-commerce in Botswana is very critical sinc e Botswana is a landlocked country and has no access to sea ports. The Botswana government is flavor at making the country the communication harbour in the region. Under the government of Botswanas plans, developing e-business is a critical step and a life-sustaining pillar of the economy. (Botswana Guardian. , 2011). Given the importance of e-business and of network banking, it should be the key strategy of the banking industry in Botswana, just equivalent in other developed and developing countries.Although the Botswana government is willing to spend money to invest on internet technology, thus improving e-commerce infrastructure, the ultimate success of Internet banking is still depending on consumers perceptions and whether they are willing to use internet banking. Therefore, users and/or customers ought to be willing to use, adopt and accept the technology. 1. 2 Problem Statement Internet usage in Botswana rest very low as a result of the high cost to access it, the high cost of computer hardware and generally low levels of Internet awareness.Botswana remains on the wrong side of the digital divide with little access to development and innovation. The Internet banking service is a new technology in Botswana which means it needs a lot of efforts and sources to be adopted by both banks and customers. (Chippa Legodimo. , 2007). Although previous studies into internet banking adoption show that Internet banking has been implemented whole in many developed countries such as the United States of America and Europe (Pakkarainen et al. 2004) and thus showing more on the factors modify Internet banking adoption and/or acceptance on innovation adoption in the context of such developed countries (Daniel, 1999 Mols, 2000), there is a growing trend in the adoption of Internet banking by the banking industry in the developing countries too (Gurau. , 2002). It should be noted, that even though Botswana is one of the developing countries her economy is not growi ng at the same rate as those of other developing countries. This could be in general due to her geographical location.Therefore e-commerce infrastructure is still less developed, thus the adoption of Internet banking is still at its infancy stage when compared to other developing nations. Given that in several countries, studies have been carried out measuring the factors modify adoption of Internet business and since there has never been any research or study on the factors affecting the decision to adopt Internet banking in Botswana, this study try to study and measure such factors. 1. 3 explore ObjectivesThe primary objective of this study was to comprehend the consumers perception towards the adoption of internet banking in Botswana and to identify the factors affecting the decisions to adopt internet banking. The objectives of this research are as follows 1. To identify the key factors affecting the decision to adopt Internet banking system in Botswana. 2. To examine whethe r socioeconomic influences the decision to adopt Internet banking in Botswana. 3. To identify the most significant factor that affect the decision to adopt Internet banking in Botswana. 1. 4 ex military capability of TermsInternet Banking (Internet banking) Computerized service that allows a banks customers to get Internet with the bank via internet or telephone lines to view the status of their account(s) and transaction history. It usually besides allows them to transfer funds, pay bills, request check books and so on (Business dictionary. , 2011) Internet Global network of networks using universal standards to connect millions of different networks (Kenneth C Laudon and Jane P Laudon. , 2010). Information Technology (IT) The hardware and software technologies a firm needs to achieve its business objectives (Kenneth C Laudon and Jane P Laudon. 2010). Information System Literacy Broad-based understanding of information systems that includes behavioral knowledge about organization s and individuals using information systems as well as technical knowledge about computers (Kenneth C Laudon and Jane P Laudon. , 2010). Adoption The aptitude to accept and be willing to use. Privacy The claim of individuals to be left alone, free from surveillance or interference from other individuals, organizations or the state (Kenneth C Laudon and Jane P Laudon. , 2010).Computer Literacy Knowledge about information technology, focusing on understanding of how computer-based technologies work (Kenneth C Laudon and Jane P Laudon. , 2010). Security Policies, procedures and technical measures used to prevent unlicensed access, alteration, theft or physical damage to information system (Kenneth C Laudon and Jane P Laudon. , 2010). Risk Assessment Determining the potential frequency of the occurrence of a problem and a potential damage if the problem were to occur. Used to determine cost/benefits of a control (Kenneth C Laudon and Jane P Laudon. , 2010). 1. 5 Scope of StudyThis stu dy focused on internet banking adoption in a developing country, Botswana where internet banking is still emerging and seems promising. The study was carried out on individuals comprising of Botswana population, mainly in the two cities Gaborone and Francistown and the two major towns Jwaneng and Lobatse. The study looked at factors affecting the decision to adopt internet banking services, particularly in Botswana. Some of the developing countries like Malaysia (Suganthi and Suganthi. , 2001) and Turkey (Polatoghu and Ekin. , 2001) have successful implemented and adopted internet banking services.Adoption and implementation of internet banking is on the rising trend among the developing countries (Gurau. , 200). Likewise, Botswana as a developing country ought to implement and adopt internet banking services, therefore, this study looked at factors affecting the decision to adopt internet banking in Botswana. 1. 6 Significance of Study Banks Comprehending the behavior and percepti ons of the customers is of great concern and importance to the survival of Banks (Devlin, Worthington, and Gerrard. , 2007). The banks and/or financial institutions will use this study to improve their service quality.The study will facilitate useful feedback that will be used for the improvement of the services and facilities rendered by both banks and other financial institutions in Botswana. Internet usage is at its infancy stage in Botswana and this study will permit the banks to position themselves and acquire the necessary knowledge on how to sell the service more to their customers. Understanding the customers perception regarding a product and/or service, put the banks at an advantage, thus allowing them to formulate strategy and customize their services to the needs of their customers. Customers/usersCustomers/users ought to know and/or be aware of the cons and pros of using this facility. Therefore, the knowledge on the factors affecting the customers decision to adopt and use internet banking is a vital asset to all customers and potential customers as they will be in a position to make informed decisions. This study would enable customers to evaluate if they really need this service or not. Research Since there is no study in previous researches on this topic in Botswana in particular, future and current researchers would be in a position to use it as a point of reference and/or to improve it.It will also encourage other researchers to consider researching more on the adoption and use of internet banking in Botswana. It will serve as a starting point for them. 1. 7 Organization of Study Chapter 1 introduction This chapter inductions the subtopics such as background of study, research objectives, definition of terms, scope of study, significance of study and organization of study to make the comprehension of the whole study visible and/or viable thus making it easier to comprehend the whole study.It is more of a gate way into the whole study as it g ives a brief but detail description and/or summary of the whole study. Chapter 2 literature review Based on the previous studies, this chapter discusses and explains internet banking in details and factors affecting the decision to adopt internet banking in Botswana. It clearly depicts the definitions of dependent variable, main(a) variables and moderating variables. References from the previous studies are used to enhance comprehension and to see how independent variables influence dependent variable, if ever they do.Chapter 3 Methodology This chapter depicts the whole arrangement of the study. In includes such subtopics as, research framework, hypothesis development, data collection method, questionnaire design, data abstract techniques and summary. Such subtopics are discussed in detail. It is in this chapter that all factors affecting the decision to adopt internet banking in Botswana (independent variables) and moderating variables are discussed and sampled. Hypothesis state ments are presented and data collection methods are well explained here.Questionnaire is designed based on the independent variables and moderating variables to measure or see if there is any relationship and/or association between them and the dependent variable. Chapter 4 Data Analysis and Findings This chapter involves the incorporation of the interpretation of the collected data from respondents via quantitative method. The determination of the acceptance or rejection of the tell hypotheses statements was also tested. Software called SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) otherwise also known as Predictive Analytics Software (PASW) was used in the research to measure the results.This chapter mainly focuses on analysis the data collected, modelling, graphing and tabling it and presenting it. It is in this chapter, where the acceptance and/or rejection of hypothesis testing statements were scrutinized. Chapter 5 Conclusion and Recommendations This chapter explains the out comes of the testing of the hypotheses determined in chapter 4. The acceptance or rejection of the hypothesis is discussed as well. Additionally the concluded results of hypothesis testing from this study are compared with findings from previous researches. Limitations of this study were also discussed.